Rare Brain Disorder Central Pontine Myelinolysis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM) is a rare neurological disorder that affects the brain stem, more common in adults than in children. It is caused by the destruction of the myelin that protects nerve cells in the pons, leading to chronic problems with balance, mobility, response time, and may result in permanent disabilities, locked-in syndrome, coma, or death.
CPM usually occurs due to another illness or medical condition and cannot be cured, but its symptoms can be treated. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure sodium levels, an MRI of the head, and a brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) test. The most common cause of CPM is a rapid increase in blood sodium levels, often due to improper treatment of hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels). Symptoms include muscle weakness, delayed reflexes, slowed speech, tremors, swallowing difficulties, poor balance, confusion, hallucinations, and intellectual impairment. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, including regulating sodium levels, physical therapy, and dopaminergic medications for Parkinson-like symptoms. Chronic alcohol misuse, liver disease, and malnutrition also increase the risk of developing CPM.
CPM is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms and improve the patient's quality of life. However, it is important to note that CPM can lead to permanent disabilities and even death if left untreated.
