Link Between Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer, plus Risk Factors Revealed
Breast and Ovarian Cancer: A Twin Threat
There's a powerful connection between breast and ovarian cancer, primarily due to genetic factors. This connection is particularly strong for individuals carrying mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes.
Both cancers share some underlying genetic risk factors. People with these risk factors may be at an increased risk for both. Factors like older age, overweight or obesity, and never carrying a pregnancy to term can be influenced by the individual.
The Breast-Ovarian Cancer Connection
Research indicates that people who have survived breast cancer may have a heightened risk of ovarian cancer. This risk is notably higher if breast cancer is linked to BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutations. However, this increased risk stems from the underlying genetic factors, rather than the disease itself.
A study showed that people with breast cancer are approximately twice as likely to develop subsequent primary ovarian cancer[3]. Likewise, ovarian cancer can increase the risk of breast cancer, albeit less consistently. The risk varies with the time since the initial diagnosis.
Genetic Mutations and Cancer Risks
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes mutations are the most significant shared risk factors for breast and ovarian cancers[6]. About 45% of families with both ovarian and breast cancer have BRCA1 gene mutations, while nearly 20% have BRCA2 mutations.
Other risk factors that lead to breast and ovarian cancers may include family history, older age, overweight or obesity, age at first childbirth, never having children, not breastfeeding, and hormone therapy after menopause.
Reducing Cancer Risk
While some risk factors like genetic mutations or a previous cancer diagnosis cannot be changed, managing these unalterable risks involves careful monitoring, lifestyle changes, and sometimes preventive medical procedures.
A history of breast or ovarian cancer increases the risk of the other, particularly when the cancers involve genetic mutations such as BRCA1 or BRCA2. However, such risks cannot be changed, but they can be monitored.
Healthcare professionals may suggest frequent and thorough screenings, including mammograms, breast MRI scans, pelvic exams, transvaginal ultrasounds, and CA-125 blood tests, for those at a higher risk. Genetic testing for BRCA1, BRCA2, and other relevant mutations are essential to monitor and prevent these cancers[2].
Modifiable Risk Factors
Risk factors that can be altered include weight, regular exercise, alcohol intake, and oral contraceptives. Achieving and maintaining a moderate weight can help reduce the risk, while overweight or obesity may increase estrogen levels and the risk of breast cancer. Regular exercise can aid in maintaining a healthy weight and may have direct anticancer effects[1]. Reducing alcohol intake can lower the risk of breast cancer, and the risk increases with more alcohol consumption. People can discuss contraception options with a doctor to weigh the risks[5].
Outlook and Prognosis
A 2020 observational study suggests that people diagnosed with both primary breast cancer and primary ovarian cancer have a favorable outlook, with 5- and 10-year overall survival rates of approximately 90%[3]. The outlook is generally more positive when the interval between the two diseases is longer. However, ovarian cancer following breast cancer is often diagnosed at a later stage, which can negatively impact survival[3].
When to Consult a Doctor
People should consult a doctor if they notice signs or symptoms of breast or ovarian cancer, particularly those with a personal or family history of these diseases. Early detection and treatment are crucial for a better outcome.
It's essential for breast or ovarian cancer survivors to stay vigilant for signs of recurrence or a second cancer.
Cancer Resources
For more comprehensive and evidence-based cancer information, visit our dedicated cancer hub.
Frequently Asked Questions
Ovarian cancer survivors may have an increased risk of other cancers, including bladder cancer, bile duct cancer, colorectal cancer, acute leukemia, and melanoma of the eye. Breast cancer can metastasize (spread) to the ovaries, but it's relatively uncommon[7].
People at a higher risk of ovarian cancer include those who have BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations, a family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer, Lynch syndrome, endometriosis, never been pregnant, had a late first pregnancy, or are over 40 years old[7].
Final Thoughts
The connection between breast and ovarian cancer is marked by shared genetic mutations, particularly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. People with these mutations have a significantly higher risk of developing both cancers.
It's essential for those at higher risk to receive genetic testing, monitor their health, and adhere to preventive measures. Additionally, breast and ovarian cancer survivors should regularly screen for signs of recurrence or another cancer.
- The connection between breast and ovarian cancer is primarily due to shared genetic factors, with individuals carrying mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes being at an increased risk for both.
- Both breast and ovarian cancer share some underlying genetic risk factors, with people who have survived breast cancer having a heightened risk of ovarian cancer, particularly if breast cancer is linked to BRCA1 or BRCA2 genetic mutations.
- A study showed that people with breast cancer are approximately twice as likely to develop subsequent primary ovarian cancer, and the risk varies with the time since the initial diagnosis.
- Other risk factors that lead to breast and ovarian cancers include a family history, older age, overweight or obesity, age at first childbirth, never having children, not breastfeeding, and hormone therapy after menopause.
- While some risk factors like genetic mutations or a previous cancer diagnosis cannot be changed, they can be managed through careful monitoring, lifestyle changes, and preventive medical procedures.
- Achieving and maintaining a moderate weight, regular exercise, reducing alcohol intake, and discussing contraception options with a doctor can help reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
