Human physiological responses to high temperatures: effects and consequences

Human physiological responses to high temperatures: effects and consequences

In the current sweltering heatwave sweeping across Germany, temperatures are expected to reach nearly 40°C in the west and southwest this week. This extreme heat can pose a significant threat to public health, especially for vulnerable groups.

Older adults, chronically ill patients, children, pregnant women, outdoor workers, and the homeless are among the most at-risk populations during heatwaves. The German Society for Geriatrics (DGG) emphasizes that older adults have increased susceptibility due to potential chronic illnesses and reduced thermoregulation capacity. Similarly, people with pre-existing health conditions face heightened risks as extreme heat can exacerbate underlying diseases.

Both young children and pregnant women have physiological vulnerabilities that make them less able to cope with high temperatures. Those exposed to the elements for prolonged periods without adequate shelter or cooling are also at heightened risk of heat-related illnesses.

Extreme heat can lead to a surge in heat-related medical emergencies such as heatstroke, dehydration, and exacerbations of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The summer of 2003 saw approximately 7,600 deaths in Germany attributed to heat, illustrating the severity of such events. Recent heatwaves, including the current one, have raised concerns about tens of thousands of deaths if adequate preventive measures are not implemented.

Heatwaves also indirectly increase the incidence of infections. Studies from Europe indicate that warmer temperatures can lead to increased outdoor activities and exposure risks, contributing to higher cases of certain infections such as campylobacteriosis.

Experts are calling for extreme heat to be officially classified as a natural disaster to improve emergency response. The development and implementation of comprehensive heat action plans and emergency response teams are urgently needed to protect vulnerable populations. Despite the clear risks, surveys indicate that fewer than 20% of the German population currently regards climate change and its health impacts as an urgent issue, and many municipalities lack effective heat action strategies.

Caution is advised due to the heat, especially for people with chronic conditions who are at risk of serious health issues. A body temperature above 42°C or below 32°C can be fatal. The human body strives to maintain a constant temperature of 37°C, and extreme fluctuations can disrupt various bodily processes. Heat collapse can lead to a drop in blood pressure, causing reduced blood flow to the brain. A one or two percent loss of body fluid can cause headaches, fatigue, concentration problems, and dizziness. Heat collapse is a medical emergency.

Heat can build up quickly within 10 to 15 minutes when the body's sweating capacity is overwhelmed. Many Europeans struggle to cool down at temperatures above 30°C. A temperature above 40°C can cause headaches, changes in consciousness, or loss of consciousness. Heat collapse can result in weakness, nausea, dizziness, or loss of consciousness.

In conclusion, it is crucial to prioritise the health and safety of vulnerable groups during extreme heat events. Effective preparedness and response plans are critical to mitigating these risks and ensuring the wellbeing of all individuals in Germany.

1. Science has a crucial role in understanding the impacts of climate change on public health, particularly during heatwaves.
2. Workplace-wellness programs should prioritize workplace safety measures during hot weather to protect employees with pre-existing medical conditions.
3. Many medical-conditions, such as chronic diseases, cancer, respiratory conditions, digestive-health issues, eye-health problems, hearing impairments, and neurological disorders, are exacerbated by extreme heat.
4. Skin-care is essential to protect the skin from sunburn and other skin-conditions during heatwaves.
5. Fitness-and-exercise routines should be adjusted to avoid overexertion during hot weather, ensuring proper hydration and rest.
6. Sexual-health issues may arise from dehydration and overheating during a heatwave, making it essential to stay hydrated.
7. Autoimmune-disorders can flare up due to changes in body temperature during heatwaves, necessitating extra care and monitoring.
8. Climate-change poses significant threats to our environment, leading to an increase in heatwaves and their associated health risks.
9. Mental-health issues, such as anxiety and depression, can worsen during heatwaves due to the stress and discomfort caused by extreme heat.
10. Men's-health, particularly focusing on cardiovascular-health and prostate health, should be monitored during heatwaves due to their increased susceptibility to certain health issues.
11. Therapies-and-treatments for various health issues may need adjustments during heatwaves to ensure the effective management of medical conditions.
12. Nutrition plays a significant role in maintaining overall health, particularly during heatwaves, as sugary and high-fat foods can lead to dehydration.
13. Aging populations must take extra precautions during heatwaves due to their reduced thermoregulation capacity and potential pre-existing medical conditions.
14. Parenting requires special attention during heatwaves, as children, pregnant women, and newborns are particularly vulnerable to extreme heat. Preventative measures, such as staying indoors during peak heat hours and maintaining proper hydration, are essential.

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